Gloss free essay sample

: # 8220 ; The Road Not Taken # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Brought to a deadlock at the presence of a intersection, the talker of Robert Frost # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Road Not Taken # 8221 ; is left to contemplate which way to travel. After careful review of both paths, the talker comes to the decision that neither way presents a more appealing enterprise in front. Of the two agencies of travel, the talker asserts that # 8220 ; the passing there/Had worn them truly about the same # 8221 ; ( lines 9-10 ) and # 8220 ; both that forenoon every bit lay/ In leaves no measure had trodden black # 8221 ; ( lines11-12 ) . Missing an expressed solution to the quandary, the talker is left to contemplate any hereafter effects based on an at hand determination of taking one route over the other. As a consequence, the talker comes to footings that his concluding finish is bound entirely by opportunity and pick, but he anticipates an at hand feeling of sorrow for non going the other path # 8217 ; s class. We will write a custom essay sample on Gloss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Infused with the expectancy of compunction, Frost # 8217 ; s work portrays the cosmopolitan question saying a different possible result if another path was taken of equal uncertainness. Even the rubric suggests this feeling of uncertainty, where the route non taken is mentioned with greater case in point than the existent class of travel. Missing the opportunity to â€Å"travel both/ And be one traveler† ( lines 2-3 ) , one way must work as the chosen manner and the other the other manner, both with no indicant of which is the better to go. Therefore, one time the chosen manner is traveled, the other manner holds a persistent reminder of what may hold been lost purely by opportunity. After a foreseeable self-evaluation of the speaker’s life, seeking to find if he took advantage of all available chances is perceived as a daunting challenge for there will ever be an ambiguity lingering around the other way. However, the talker anxiously comes to footings with world, finally finding the futility of contending on affairs of the imaginativeness. Therefore, â€Å"with a sigh† ( line 16 ) , the talker proclaims that he took advantage of the chances to the best of his ability as they were presented to him, despite those of opportunity. In consequence, taking the chosen way has â€Å"made all the differen ce† ( line 20 ) . That peculiar determination determined the speaker’s overall class in life to the consequence that the other path could hold directed the talker to walk in the complete opposite way of his concluding finish. Bibliography The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost

The Role And Function Of The Mosque In The Muslim Community Essay Example

The Role And Function Of The Mosque In The Muslim Community Essay Example The Role And Function Of The Mosque In The Muslim Community Essay The Role And Function Of The Mosque In The Muslim Community Essay Essay Topic: Fun Home The role of the Mosque in general is to help with family life. All Mosques now run Madrasahs (Mosque schools) for boys and girls. Theyre held on weeknights and Sundays and teach children about Islam, how to read the Quran in Arabic and how Muslims should behave. Children are also taught Urdu and English. There are now many Muslim schools to provide separate educations for males and females. They teach children the National Curriculum in an Islamic style.Central MosqueIn Britain, there are many purpose built Mosques. One of the most important ones is the in London. I will be talking about this Mosque and how it helps with the community. Its one of the largest Mosques in the world. For this reason, some facilities that are provided by this Mosque are quite unique.My Local MosqueIn my local Mosque, they have a radio transmitter, so that the local Muslims can hear whats going on in the Mosque, they can also hear the Adhan being made.Islamic Law CourtThe Mosque is also a place, which is a lso used as an Islamic Law Court for matters which concern Islamic Law. Muslims can gather here and discuss the problems that they face in their daily life.Marriage ceremony (Nikah) and divorce (Talaq)Marriage ceremony (Nikah) and divorce (Talaq) is also often performed in the Central Mosque Of London.Centre for foreign visitorsThe Mosque is also a centre for foreign visitors, travellers far and wide within the U.K. It serves as a treasury for collect ion and distribution of Zakah.The Mosque is also ensuring that the Islamic Laws of heritage can be implemented within the British system. This enables the Muslims in the U.K. to retain their Islamic identity, to remain loyal to their faith and to the Islamic Shariah.Community GatheringsOn Friday, we see the local community filling up the Mosques; this is because they have come to pray Jumuah.Community gatherings are usually held at Mosques, particularly at the time of Eid. Twice a year, when there is a big celebration after the prayers . Such meetings are essential in Britain, where in many places Muslims are still in the minority. These community gatherings give a chance to the Muslim Community to familiarise themselves with one another and bonds the tie of friendship on happy and sad occasions such as Birth, Marriage and Death.MortuaryQuite a few Mosques have facilities for washing and shrouding the dead bodies and to keep the corpses there until the burial is arranged and the Janazah prayer is said. This is also known as a mortuary, for laying out the dead and preparing corpse for burial.How The Mosque Helps With The CommunityThe Mosque is also open for the community to come and see the Imam about personal issues. He will always be there to tackle and problems.The Mosque also tries to bring love, peace and tranquillity into the community. It also tries to give the Muslims a sense of brotherhood and teaches the community that they are all one.Help in the case that a marriage breakdown comes from the two families , the Imam and Muslim Lawyers. The Zakah fund helps families with financial difficulties and many Mosques have a family committee to help Muslim Families that are in trouble.USESThe Prophet did not separate religious life from his normal daily activities. In the open courtyard he entertained visitors, conducted business, and guided the day-to-day affairs of the community. It was the place where believers gathered for communal prayer and to hear his sermons, and it was also used for giving shelter to the poor, homeless and wayfarers, and for caring for the sick.It is important to realize that mosques today, no matter how grand the buildings, are still used to fulfil all these other functions.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as schools for learning Arabic and studying the Qur an

Hurricanes Essays - Vortices, Tropical Cyclone, Eye, Free Essays

Hurricanes Essays - Vortices, Tropical Cyclone, Eye, Free Essays Hurricanes HURRICANES Of all of natures forces that exist hurricanes could be considered one of the most powerful of all these forces that can cause tremendous amounts of destruction is such a little amount of time. A hurricane is a powerful whirling storm of winds that measure 200-300 miles in diameter. Hurricanes are an area of low pressure that forms over the oceans in tropical regions in either the north Atlantic Ocean or eastern north Pacific Ocean. In the west Pacific Ocean hurricanes are called typhoons, and in the Indian Ocean they are called Cyclones. Hurricanes develop from easterly waves that over the oceans warm waters. These easterly waves are long narrow regions of low pressure that occur in ocean winds called trade winds. The waves may grow into a tropical depression, which are winds from 1 to 31 miles per hour. Then they can grow into a tropical storm, which are winds from 32 to 73 miles per hour. These waves then turn into what you call hurricanes and hurricanes are winds greater than 74 miles per hour. The winds swirl around a portion of the storm called the eye. This is a calm area in the center of the storm. It is about 20 miles in diameter and has little wind and clouds. The storm clouds called that are around the eye of the storm are called wall clouds. Inside these wall clouds are where most of the heaviest rains are and where the strongest winds are. Outside of the wall clouds are clouds called rain clouds. They have winds and rain and make up most of the diameter of the storm but nothing as powerful as the wall clouds. Hurricanes usually occur within the months of June to November, most occur in the month of September. Eight Hurricanes occur a year on average but as many as 15 have occurred in one years time in the Atlantic Ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere the winds of a Hurricane move around the eye counter clockwise due the gravitational pull from the North Pole. In the Southern Hemisphere the winds move around the eye clockwise. The eye of the hurricane travels over land at an average of 10 to 15 miles per hour. The atmospheric disturbance that causes hurricanes start approximately in the latitudes between 5-30 degrees on both sides of the equator. Hurricanes start moving towards land picking speed, strength, and size. They will then drift away from the equator as they reach temperate latitude where they are called extra tropical and travel over the land bring havoc and destruction to all that they pass over. The winds and the rains over the sea along with the force of the sea produce huge waves called a storm surge. These storm surges cause lots of flooding and damage to coastlines, especially if they happen at high tide. The storm weakens as it moves over land because hurricanes need the warm sea to supp ly energy to it through evaporation. Also the friction of the storm over the land causes the storm to slow down. Meteorologists of the National Weather Service keep a close watch over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to see of there are any storms brewing. They collect such information as air pressure, temperature, and wind speeds. By doing all this they will be able to forecast where and when a hurricane will begin, where it will travel, and how strong it is going to be. Meteorologists get information about hurricanes by satellites, airplanes and by radar. It is shocking to see the amount of destruction from the power of a hurricane that can be caused. To put this in a better perspective: A hurricane in one day averages 1.6 X 1013 kilowatt-hour, which is 8000 times more than all the electrical power generated in the United States in one day. This is also equivalent to a daily explosion of 500000 atomic bombs, the 20-kiloton Nagasaki variety. This is absolutely amazing to think about. Many people have been trying to find ways to slow down the speeds of hurricanes for the longest time now. What is needed is a small input that can make a large amount of natural instability. The first attempt

How to Identify the 10 Different Types of Clouds

How to Identify the 10 Different Types of Clouds SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you need to know the different types of clouds for school, or are you just interested in what’s up there in the sky? At first glance, all clouds can look pretty much the same, but with a bit of knowledge and practice you can soon learn how to tell exactly which kind of cloud you’re looking at. In this guide, we show you all the steps to becoming a cloud-identifying expert. We’ll go over the ten main types of clouds and give you the info you need to identify each cloud type, including cloud names, their shape, height in the sky, color, and the weather you can expect them to bring. We’ll end with some additional tips for identifying clouds, including easy tricks to differentiate similar-looking cloud types. The 10 Main Types of Clouds How many types of clouds are there? Generally speaking, there are ten main types of clouds you’ll see in the sky, and we discuss each of them below. For each of these different types of clouds, we’ve included a picture of the cloud, a short description, and the following additional information: Height: Where in the sky the cloud typically occurs (low-level, mid-level, or high-level) Color: The color of the cloud Shape: The form the cloud typically takes Weather: The weather the cloud is usually associated with or predicts Altocumulus Image source: Angelo Su/Flickr Height: Mid Color: White Shape: Heap-like and often grouped together Weather: Varies Altocumulus clouds are fairly common clouds that look like round white or gray patches in the sky. They are sometimes grouped in parallel lines and have been described as looking similar to tufts of wool or fish scales. Altostratus Image source: Wonderlane/Flickr (cropped from original) Height: Mid Color: White or light gray Shape: Thick and flat Weather: Usually indicate warmer weather is approaching; can cause light precipitation These clouds form a white or gray layer that blankets the sky at mid-level. There are usually no patches of blue sky when these clouds appear, but the sun is often visible as a dimly lit disk behind the clouds (although no shadows appear on the ground). Cirrocumulus Height: High Color: White or gray Shape: Rows of small patchy clouds Weather: Typically sunny and cold Cirrocumulus clouds are much smaller than most other types of clouds, and they are sometimes called cloudlets. They are found at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals. They often are arranged in parallel rows. They are one of the rarer types of clouds and usually don’t last long. Cirrostratus Image source: aivas14/Flickr Height: High Color: Transparent/white Shape: Wispy, but thicker than cirrus clouds Weather: Varies These are transparent, wispy clouds that cover most or all of the sky. The best identifier for cirrostratus clouds is a halo or ring of light surrounding the sun or moon. Cirrus Height: High Color: White Shape: Wispy or feathery Weather: May mean a warm front is approaching Wispy clouds located high in the atmosphere are likely cirrus clouds. They are thin and white with lots of blue sky visible. They can occur in fair weather or when a warm front or large storm is approaching. Cumulonimbus Height: Low (although can span all layers) Color: Pale to dark gray Shape: Dense and towering Weather: Thunderstorms Cumulonimbus are the classic â€Å"thunderstorm clouds†and are large towering clouds that are often dark in color. Seeing them is a sign that a storm is likely on its way. They can be very large, appearing like a mountain (sometimes with a flat top). Cumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy, tall, often described as looking similar to cauliflower Weather: Typically sunny The stereotypical puffy cloud you probably drew a lot of when you were a kid, cumulus clouds are dense individual clouds that are bright white on top and gray underneath. They typically appear earlier in the day when it’s sunny. Nimbostratus Image source: KNOW MALTA by Peter Grima/Flickr Height: Low Color: Dark gray Shape: Large thick layer Weather: Steady rain or snow Nimbostratus clouds form a thick, dark layer across the sky. They are often thick enough to blot out the sun. Like cumulonimbus clouds, they are associated with heavy precipitation, but, unlike cumulonimbus, you can’t pick out individual nimbostratus clouds. Stratocumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy Weather: Appear before or after a front/when there is weak convection in the atmosphere Stratocumulus clouds are somewhat similar to cumulus clouds but are flatter, thicker, and darker. There is less blue sky between the clouds, and the weather will appear more cloudy than sunny. Stratus Image source: Wikimedia commons Height: Low Color: Gray or white Shape: Featureless flat layer Weather: Gloomy weather, sometimes with light precipitation Similar to fog (but on the horizon instead of on the ground), stratus clouds are a gray featureless layer of clouds that cover all or most of the sky. Tips for Identifying Different Types of Clouds Even meteorologists can sometimes struggle with identifying certain clouds, so it helps to have a few tricks to fall back on. Use the following four tips to help you differentiate the various cloud types and figure out which type is currently in the sky. #1: Figure Out the Shape Typically, the easiest way to tell different types of clouds apart is by looking at their shape There are three main different cloud shapes, and they all look quite different from one another, so identifying the shape will help you narrow down your options easily before moving onto other steps and identifiers to determine which specific cloud type you’re looking at. Below are the three main cloud shapes (along with the cloud names) and the types of clouds that fall under them. Puffy (Cumulo-form) Cumulus Altocumulus Stratocumulus Cumulonimbus Cirrocumulus Thick layer (Strato-form) Stratus Altostratus Nimbostratus Wispy (Cirro-form) Cirrus Cirrostratus #2: Look at Where They Are in the Sky Once you’ve figured out the shape, the next step is to determine where the cloud is in the sky: low, mid, or high-level. This is a bit trickier than just deciding on shape and can take some practice to get good at it, but once you can reliably tell where a cloud is in the sky along with its shape, you often have enough info to correctly identify it. High-Level Cirrus Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus Mid-Level Altostratus Altocumulus Low-Level Stratus Stratocumulus Cumulus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus (although can span all layers) #3: Consider the Weather When you’re trying to identify clouds, don’t just focus on the clouds themselves; remember to look at the rest of the sky. The current or expected weather can help you with cloud identification, since many clouds are associated with a particular type of weather. Sunny Weather Cirrocumulus Cumulus Gloom and/or Steady Precipitation Stratus Nimbostratus Altostratus Storms Cumulonimbus Variable Weather Stratocumulus Cirrus Cirrostratus Altocumulus #4: Know Tricks for Identifying Similar-Looking Clouds Even after you’ve sorted the kinds of clouds you’re looking at into the correct categories based on shape, height in the sky, and accompanying weather, you may still be struggling between a couple different cloud types. And it’s true, there are some cloud types that look very similar to each other. Below are some tips for differentiating between similar-looking cloud pairs. Cirrus vs Cirrostratus Both these cloud types have similar wispy shapes, but cirrostratus clouds cover much more of the sky compared to cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds will have lots of blue sky accompanying them, while for cirrostratus clouds, little or no sky will be visible, and the sun will likely be behind the clouds (typically with a â€Å"halo† around it). Cumulus vs Stratocumulus Both of these clouds have a puffy shape, but stratocumulus clouds have a more flattened, thicker, and darker appearance compared to cumulus clouds, which look more like puffs of cotton. Altocumulus vs Stratocumulus These two kinds of clouds look similar, but they are different sizes. If you hold your hand up to the sky, a stratocumulus cloud will be about the size of your first, while an altocumulus cloud will be closer in size to your thumb. Stratus vs Nimbostratus vs Altostratus These three cloud types can be difficult to tell apart since they all have a similar shape. Below is a unique identifier for each one. Stratus: Cloud type lowest to the ground; just slightly higher than fog. Can cause light precipitation. Nimbostratus: The clichà © â€Å"rain† cloud; dark in color and accompanied by steady precipitation. Altostratus: Less thick and doesn’t produce precipitation. Summary: What Are the Types of Clouds? If can be difficult to keep track of cloud names and the main types of clouds when you’re not sure what you’re looking for. Fortunately, a bit of studying is all that is required to easily identify most clouds. There are ten main types of clouds: Altocumulus Altostratus Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus Cirrus Cumulonimbus Cumulus Nimbostratus Stratocumulus Stratus You can identify these different kinds of clouds in three main ways: Shape Height in sky Accompanying weather There are also various tips you can use to differentiate between two types of clouds that look similar. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you also learning about dynamic equilibrium in your science class? We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

You can create this Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can create this - Research Proposal Example Welcoming international trade, the country is expanding its business relations with Spain (its closest neighbor), the US, and African countries. In many cases goods shipped to Portugal do not arrive there directly, but come to some other country of the EU, and only then travel to Portugal – in order to use the advantage of lower value added tax rates of the other country. Companies entering the Portuguese market are welcome to contact the closest US Export Assistance Center which supports exporters. U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service (100) recommends entering the market with an assistance of a local partner. Besides, finding a group or a right person to obtain useful advice and contacts is considered to be very beneficial because personal contacts are important for conducting a successful business in the country. In order to establish an office in Portugal, one should create a Portuguese company according to the country’s law. For most tenders and goods price is more important than quality. So, in order for a product to be competitive, the price must not be higher than that of the rivals. Portuguese importers now prefer to receive C.I.F. or F.O.B. quotations that include a product description, shipping weight, volume and time of shipment and delivery. Though such invoices (with all the mentioned above information) are not mandatory, they are very desirable. The largest part of the businesses of the country is concentrated in Lisbon, a capital of Portugal. Modern techniques of conducting business are widely spread in the country. However, traditional values are still in a great respect: personal contact and a handshake are still considered by many Portuguese businessmen to be more valuable than a signed contract. At the same time, a request for a formal contract will not offend them. At the same time, personal relations are valued and respected more than any legal

Assignment1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment1 - Assignment Example This is one important aspect of today’s global organizations since in the recent past employees have won the tag of being the most important resource any organization has. Recent surveys and researches by different scholars have also revealed that the only left way for organizations to achieve competitive advantages over their competitors is only through proper utilization of the human resources. How can such human resources be properly utilized if the employees are not getting along well with their colleagues or superiors in their places of work? Different scholars have therefore developed different models to try and device means of promoting trust in different work places. Such scholars include Dr. John H Estes and Dr. Ralph M. Criss in their article ‘Building trust in the workplace’. According to Estes and Criss (2003), professional development is a process involving different stages. It begins with establishment of professional relationships where two individual come together and share their common encounters which are mainly things such as training, work experience or even education. Such individuals normally have never worked together and at this point they tend to make assumption of one another. For example what the other person does or knows. These individuals develop a mutual expectation. As the time progresses and there lacks to be violation of the developed expectations between the individuals after the establishment of the professional relationship, these individuals further develop some level of respect and more understanding in one another. This is the second stage which is a stage of professional respect. Further, when the respect is maintained and the level of understanding further becomes deepened between the parties, the respective members develop trust on one another such that each party now feels free to leave any task for the other party to undertake. This is the

Basquiat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Basquiat - Essay Example Though there were trying situations from his early childhood onward, he managed to find the most appropriate ways to counter them and to be exact in his road to fame. He painted as an artist who never bothered of restrictions and he had nothing to lose. Basquiat fought against many distressing situations in his life and rose to attain recognition by the year 1980 through 'The Times Square Show'. He collaborated with many artists of his time, including art-writers, curators, and collectors, to form a group which later came to be called as the Neo-expressionist movement. Though the painter developed to be one of the most realized artists of his time, his friends were worried about his extreme drug consumption, unpredictable behavior etc. Before he died at his 27 due to mixed-drug toxicity, he had achieved significant recognition. For a complete understanding of the life and artistic works of Basquiat, it is pivotal to depend on the authentic bibliography on him. However, the value of t he visual means along with the written word cannot be overlooked. In fact, the visual media has been able to offer a greater awareness of Basquiat's life. Therefore, though Basquiat has been memorialized through the biopic in 1996 by Julian Schnabel as well as the best selling biography of Basquiat by Phoebe Hoban in 1998, the former has a greater value to the audience as it offers a complete picture of the life of the artist through various aspects such as music and the sound effects, the effect of acting, and the other visual effects. This paper deals with a comparison between the reading and the film in order to suggest why the visual representation has a superior validity in understanding the life of Basquiat. Through his biography of Basquiat, Phoebe Hoban was able to create a true picture of the artist's life, but it was never a complete picture to the readers, as many often he failed to relate to the powerful emotion of the readers. Basquiat is represented as the most notorious artist who failed to accomplish his goals. Hoban presents the life of this great artist as cashed in on both fame and greed which were the characteristics of the 1980s. "Basquiat's life spanned an historic shift in the art world, from Pop to Neo-Expressionism, from hip to hype." (Hoban) To the biographer, graffiti was only the beginning for the painter and he soon involved with a New York scene which considered art as an element of the whole array of media. "'Artists were mixing up their media,' Phoebe Hoban suggests, and 'music film, painting and fashion were recombining in innovative ways' at the end of 1970s and early 1980s." (Thompson, 68) According to Hoban, Basquiat's stylistic qualities are part of establi shed African-American aesthetic traditions. The biography of Basquiat suggests why the artist was able to accomplish as a great painter. Accordingly, his contemporary world as well as the subsequent periods failed to recognize the "qualities in Basquiat's paintings and to concentrate instead'on his celebrity lifestyle'" (Thompson, 69) Similarly, the art movement of the time also failed to achieve a significant impact on the scenario. The biography Basquiat by Hoban,

Growing a business strategy for Coffee Angel Coursework

Growing a business strategy for Coffee Angel - Coursework Example Chris is of Turkish background and the business is family owned. The business was started in collaboration with his family who stands by him and supports him in financing the operations of the business. Opening time is 7.30 am on weekdays and opening times being 8: 30 am and 10: 00 am for Saturday and Sunday, respectively, with closing time at 7: 00 pm irrespective of the day of the week. Coffee Angel offers foods including breakfast, sandwiches and rolls, Panini menu, toasts, salads, and wraps, the drinks offered include freshly roasted coffee, milkshakes, smoothies, tea, iced coffee, and flavor. Catering and treats are also offered by Coffee Angel. The aim of strategic analysis is to have a better understanding of the position of the business in the macro environment and make a comparison with the competitors in the industry the firm is operating. An analysis of the Coffee Angel requires an understanding of the environment to be able to know the strategic capabilities of the firm. PESTLE is an acronym for political, economic, sociological, technological, environmental, and legal and is a useful tool for the analysis of the macro environment where a business operates. PESTLE is a tool for the generation of an understanding on the relation of the firm to the external environment. The main reasons for PESTLE analysis is that it is relevant in decision making as it informs the management on the situation of the firm in relation to the external environment. This part details the impact of political actions on the external environment of Angel Coffee. Government policies would have an impact on the functionality of Angel Coffee in some ways including laws on minimum wages that has recently been passed will influence Angel Coffee and rumors of further increase affect the company. Food safety controls by the government affect the performance of food

Marketing Myopia and article critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Myopia and article critiques - Essay Example Levitt spoke of the ‘Error of Analysis’ whereby, the company defines its scope inaccurately and is unable to grow because it has restricted itself. Companies tend to stop growing, not because of fall in demand or increased competition, but because they were mismanaged and failed to realize their own potential and the opportunities that would have come with it had they managed themselves properly and expanded their horizons, instead of having a very myopic view about their business. He gives the example of the railway, which has steadily declined over the years as other vehicles become mainstream transport. This failure is not because the demand for rail travel declined, it is because they had a â€Å"product-oriented instead of customer-oriented† approach (Levitt, 1960). In the same vein, the TV business is bigger than the film business ever was, just because Hollywood restricted itself to movies by categorizing itself as being in the film business and not the ent ertainment business and massively restricting its horizons. To explain the reverse side of the argument, TV is a success story because it has not restricted itself to one category. ... Levitt talks of the ‘Shadow of Obsolescence’ whereby companies stop growing once their products lose the sparkle, this often happens when a specific feature of their product that was supposed to have been bringing in the demand, becomes outdated and easily substituted by competition with time. He gives the example of the dry cleaning industry. Once thriving because it provided an effective way to clean wool garments, the industry is now dwindling as synthetic fibers replace wool, ones which are easier to clean and the dry cleaning industry becomes obsolete due to innovative products such as automatic washing machines. Another mistake is the ‘Population Myth’ whereby companies assume that a growing population is synonymous with a growing market demand and the ‘Idea of Indispensability’ whereby companies think they are safe from competition because their product is irreplaceable. This lulls them into a false sense of security and they end up funct ioning under a complacent strategy. An example of this scenario is the petroleum industry; due to its elaborate success throughout its history the petroleum industry has become complacent in its strategy and assumes safely that as long as the world’s population keeps growing, its customer base will forever increase. Complacency however, makes the industry myopic to the fact that many people are now becoming environment conscious and are interested in adopting alternative forms of energy that do not pollute, unlike petroleum products. Another mistake is due to ‘Production Pressures’, since companies are so engrossed in meeting production quota deadlines they lose focus of their

The Impact of Human Rights Violations on Refugee Women Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Human Rights Violations on Refugee Women Essay The international concern about the rights of women has been rapidly gaining attention from higher authorities.   Since the end of the World War II, the issue pertaining to this has received significant development until the millennium era.   The first among the organization that concentrated on the advocacy of the women’s rights was the Commission of the Status of Women, which was established in 1948 in order to promote women’s right and equality followed by the International Women’s Decade in 1976 to 1985 (Beyani, p. 29) dedicated to the promotion of women’s right as human rights.. In the same way, the United Nations had conducted several conferences to address the problem of human rights violations committed on women worldwide as well as to outline legal trends that could help minimize violence on women and to advance the cause of women specifically the refugee women. Spearheaded by the United Nation, the conferences composed of loose coalition of groups and individuals worldwide, they launched a petition in 1991 calling on the Vienna to comprehensively address women’s human rights. These campaigns were so successful that women’s right gained recognition in both the UN documents and treatises including the adoption of a UN declaration of on the Elimination of Violence against women. Cases of human rights violations among refugee women are ubiquitous because these people are exposed to numerous threats during all phases of the dislocation or displacement period Displacement period among women simply refers to their loss of jobs by either war or domestic violence.   Their experiences while at the camp leave emotional and physical impact on them, which in many cases traumatic that cause major changes in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, those organizations have identified specific exploitations done on women including refugee women, which have the worst cases of human rights violations all over the world.   Among the recognized forms of abuses are rape, sexual abuse, sexual extortion, and physical injury as outlined by the United Nation. These abuses are rampant regardless of their geographical limitation; abuses are inflicted to many women in refugee camps around the globe most particularly in countries like Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Somalia, and many Asian nations.   The human rights of these refugee women receive less considerable attention unlike their male counterpart or the human right’s abuses among men., because in the first place, their interests have not sufficiently represented in the international body. Stedman and Tanner cited the definition of refugee from African Unity Refugee Convention in 1974, which he stated as, â€Å"every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refugee in another place outside his country of origin or nationality† (p. 139).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Refugees are people who seek international protection for fear of persecution, civil war, or strife, abuses of human rights, and other reasons in their own country because their own country failed to provide that for them (Tarner, 139).   Nowadays, the process of seeking refuge or asylum is under an obligation and/or activity of United Nations with the assistance from United States of America and other participating countries.   The reported cases of refugee prepared by United States Committee for Refugees in 2003 are approximately less than ten million (Martin, p. 3); and the majority of these people are from the least developed countries such as Bangladish, which are mostly women and children. However, the irony here is that, the refugees who are after for protection have stumbled upon worst exploitations in the country they chose to settle.   Refugee women are defenseless in terms of abuse by people in the government and sometimes by rebellious groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are factors that can prove the relationship of refugee flows with social, cultural, and political chaos in the society.   Doreen Marie Indra stated that it becomes clear that in many cases these experiences are â€Å"grounded in politics† (p. 326).   Women become the subject of persecution at some occasion because they refuse to oblige with or they transgress social mores. Indra explained that because these women oppose the dictates of a political or religious system they are gendered punishment for violation of â€Å"particular social norms† (p. 326).In other words, even the prevailing social and religious system was oppressive in nature to the women’s right and they punished for disobeying even the simplest dress code (Indra, p. 328).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael Penn and Rahel Nardos saw the angle of discrimination of society to women as another ground for human rights violation of refugee women.   Violence against women according to him is a â€Å"manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women†¦[and that it] is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men† (p. 182).   Likewise, those women in refugee camps and minority groups are vulnerable to violence according to him.   This concept prompts men to take advantage of women in refugee camps because of the idea that women are property of men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Erin Baines believed that problem pertaining to refugee crisis has something to do with the cultural differences among individual groups (p. 32).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stedman and Tanner (2003) described the nexus of refugee flows as:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The result of the failure of the international system to prevent, deter, or terminate gross violations; from failure to hold governments that are guilty of gross violations responsible for the floods of refugees they unleash; from failure to assume political responsibility for refugee situations that threaten international peace and security; from failure to assume political responsibility to prevent violations that unleash refugee floods, and collective responsibility to guarantee remedies, including temporary protection or resettlement† (p. 155).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accordingly, refugees continue to suffer from exploitation simply because the international political system fails to recognize its collective responsibility in this issue, at least to place individual rights at the top of the normative deliberation in refugee catastrophes.(yes it’s mine.) It means that obviously the rights of individual refugee women were somehow neglected, although in general, there efforts to combat human rights abuses. The relocation itself causes difficulty to refugees especially in adjusting oneself to current culture, language, and society.   Most of them rely on donation from non-government organization, which does not sufficiently sustain the needs of the family. Though they wish to stand on their own, they find difficulty gaining access to important services such as income-generating projects and educational programs, Indra noted that women in many countries†¦ â€Å"Are denied education, access to profession, or paid work (p. 326)   which are important elements to support the need of the family especially in the absence of the husband. Due to this problem, many of them suffer financial complexity and emotional stress.   Meyer and Prugl noted that refugee women cannot enjoy the social services or employment opportunities or be protected in accordance with the UN High Commissioner for refugee   UNHCR policies since most of them rely on their husband’s document; and this resulted to great stress among them as they seek help from the authorities such as the United Nations (p. 250).   These people are likely to experience poverty, illiteracy, encounter conflicts within refugee population, domestic violence, and sexual torture. Poverty is one major problem of the refugees. They are lack of adequate food and safe drinking water that lead to high rates of child mortality and relatively poor health.   Cole, Espin, and Rothblum reported that most refugees â€Å"live in unsanitary conditions where epidemics and disease are common, water supplies are contaminated, and food resources are insufficient (p. 65).   In a report made by the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) narrated that women are often reduced to â€Å"exchanging sex for otherwise unavailable food and nonfood items such as clothing, shelter materials, and cooking items† (p. 25). Girls in the refugee camps have little opportunity to acquire education because families do not have funds for school fees, uniform, books, and others.   Lack of education worsens their condition because this limits the employment chances of women and youth in the future. Many refugees encounter conflicts within the refugee population because of major ethnic groups or political factions.   Martin noted that the conflicts among the refugees affect the participation in decision making of the representatives of different groups that hinder possible solution to their problem (p. 18). Domestic violence on women in the refugee camp occurs because male family members are away, or sometimes killed.   According to the report of Human Rights Watch Staff, the levels of domestic violence â€Å"could also be high in refugee setting.†Ã‚   For instance, in the Human Rights Watch’s report of the Burundian refugee camps in 1998, they had recorded relatively high incidence of domestic violence committed on women, which occurred inside or outside refugee camps by relief workers (p. 487).   This group acknowledged this problem as something largely unrecognized and the perpetrators â€Å"enjoyed free movement in the camps† (p. 487). Sexual torture somehow is different from domestic violence.   Martin specifically identified these tortures as something inflicted on the victims in an inhumane manner.   Sexual torture is in form of either heterosexual or homosexual rape; the rape of women by the use of specially trained dogs or forced witnessing of unnatural sexual relations, and many other forms (Martin, p. 33).   Basically, torture causes much severe emotional impact on its victims both physically and psychologically, because of the nature it is being carried out.which Martin describe as â€Å"inhumane, cruel and degrading punishment or treatment (p. 33) Aside from health and protection problems, women in the refugee camps are likely to suffer additional problems due to their gender.   According to Cole, Espin and Rothblum, women and girls are vulnerable to sexual violence in which rape is a common experience for them (p. 65).   Rape is the most frightening and humiliating experience for the refugee women; this is the most traumatic actually that many of them already committed suicide. (Espin and Rothlblum, p. 69) The raping of refugee women is unusually brutal; they are gang raped or raped repeatedly often for days at a time.   Refugee women’s experience while at camp produces both physical and emotional impact on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, they suffer from emotional trauma leaving them alone to confront the issue.   Cole, et.al., explained that for Asian and African women, being a rape victim is considered ‘ruined’ because their culture values virginity is â€Å"synonymous with purity† (p. 69).   As a result, they feel they lose all value in society and are rejected by their families.   Rape for Islam, Buddhist, and Taoist is associated with â€Å"karma† or punishment for the sin they have committed.   Thus, most of these women are unwilling to disclose the issue to others, in turn, their behavior show psychosomatic symptoms of these experiences. Theilade LD. Explained that sexual dysfunction is possible to occur if a person has experienced sexual torture or non-sexual, physical, or non-physical torture. He further stated that this problem is â€Å"seen in up to fifty-one percent of torture victims (par. 1).   However, the development of sexual dysfunction may occur largely to people who suffered from sexual torture.   Sexual dysfunction could also be attributed to post traumatic stress disorder.(This info. came from Pubmed.www.pubmed.gov Kemp and Rasbridge mentioned about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder by refugee women as a result of stress, physical or sexual torture, and trauma (p. 74).   Women who had been in this traumatic experience said that they avoided going out yet, due to their family responsibility, they had to force themselves to continue with daily activities. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder could be obtained if the person has previous anxiety disorder and other factor such as early childhood trauma or head injuries that may trigger the problem.   Generally, refugees suffer from mental health problem like flash backs and dreams and intense guilt or anger and the percentage is almost sixty-five percent, which lasted for many years especially when they do not receive treatment and support from family members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, these women are likely to sustain physical injuries.   Others contract venereal disease or sexually transmitted diseases.   Some became pregnant after the rape. Indeed, women are not only victims of general violence and the lack of health care, they also contending issues unambiguous to their biology and social status. However, despite of predicaments faces by refugee women, Florence Howe (1996) noted that refuge and displaced migrant women are likely to endure any situation. Howe Asserted, â€Å"Refugee, displaced and migrant women in most cases display strength, endurance and resourcefulness and can contribute positively to countries of resettlement or to their origin on their return† (Howe, p. 213). Howe pointed out these women should be appropriately involved in decisions that affect them and their future, since it cannot be denied that women make significant but frequently unrecognized role as educators both in their families and their societies as Anthony Redmond noted (2006) â€Å"women will often be the first to deny themselves in favor of others, particularly children or male partners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Redmond, p. 21) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As some authors pointed out, the international human rights and the United Nations has done enough to protect human rights particularly of the refugee women. But is a fact that abuses on women continues to dominate in many countries in the world particularly in refugee centers. Perhaps this social stigma can be attributed to the two of the most pressing problems of the society ever since, Poverty and discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus no matter how many laws are legislated to protect women from abuses, or no matter how far is the international effort or even the United Nation’s effort to provide necessary protection for women’s right, these abuses on women will continue to persist unless the fundamental sources of the problems are addressed, although this problem maybe is as old as human civilization it self. Authorities therefore must not only look at the crime or run after the offenders but they should also consider the situations involve and gather evidences relating the crimes to the problems mentioned and suggest possible solution to the problems to law making body. The United Nations and all international effort on combating abuses on women must also pay attention to this problem, and try to realign some of their resources to help address the two problems mentioned earlier, along with intensified efforts of the law enforcement to run after the criminal offenders to put them behind bars. Intensifying efforts of both the international body and law enforcements agencies against the offenders and social problems may not completely erased this disease of the society but it certainly will help curb the problem. Work Cited Baines, E.K. Vulnerable Bodies: Gender, the Un and the Global Refugee Crisis. USA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004. Beyani, Chaloka. â€Å"The Needs of Refugee Women: A Human Rights Perspective.† Women and Rights. Ed. Sweetman, Caroline. UK: Oxfam, 1995. Cole, E., Espin, O., Rothblum, E. Refugee Women and their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives. USA: Haworth Press, 1992. Howe, F. Beijing and Beyond Toward the Twenty First-First Century of Women: Includes the Complete Text of the Plattform for Action. USA: Florence Howe Graduate School and University Center, 1996.    Human Rights Watch World Report 1999.   New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998. â€Å"Humanitarian Assistance: Protecting Refugee Women and Girls Remains a Significant Challenge.† United States General Accounting Office. May 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=WHZdHdprBWgCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_summary_r#PPP1,M1 Indra, D.M. Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice.   USA: Berghahn Books. Kemp, C. Rasbridge, L.A. Refugee and Immigrant Health: A Handbook for Health Professionals, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Martin, S. F. Refugee Women. USA: Lexington Books, 2004. Meyer, M.K. Prugl, E. Gender Politics in Global Governance. USA: Rowman Littlefield Publishing, Inc., 1999. Penn, M.L. Nardos, R. Overcoming Violence Against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem. USA: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2003. Redmond, A. ABC of Conflict and Disaster. UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Stedman, S. J. Tanner, F. Refugee Manipulation War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering. USA: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. Theilade, LD. â€Å"Sexual Dysfunction in Torture Victims.† PubMed. 2002 Oct .   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12407879?ordinalpos=1itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living INTRODUCTION In this assignment I will present a patient I have cared for during one shift on my placement ward. Using the Holland et al (2008) Roper Logan Tierney model of care which focuses on the activities of daily living a description of care received by the patient will be outlined. Any reference made to the patient is under pseudonym and referred to as Mrs Oni to protect the patient confidentiality according NMC Code of conduct (2008). To comply with guidelines set out by Department of Health (2009) full verbal consent was first obtained from the patient before any information was used in this assignment. My placement was in abdominal and orthopaedics surgical ward were patients were routinely admitted from accident and emergency and prepared for surgery and admitted after surgery. I have chosen a 33 year old female patient admitted to accident and emergency department and then to the ward with acute lower abdominal pain and later had non elective surgery for appendicitis. It was my duty under the supervision of my mentor, during this shift to monitor and maintain internal and safe environment, communicate and encourage patient to mobilise and wound management. The assessment tools utilised to create a care plan according to priority are those implemented and used by the trust. All activities discussed will be reflected upon as part of personal and professional development. CASE STUDY Mrs Oni is a married mother with two children under the age of ten. She is a health support worker and is employed full time. Mrs Oni complained that the pain started at the umbilicus region and then later the pain intensified at her right lower abdominal quadrant. When she was admitted upon examination by the general surgical team it was reported that her abdomen was tender and gardening. Other symptoms presented included constipation, nausea, fever and loss of appetite which all common to the condition. Patient had past medical history of being treated for urinary tract infection to rule out this as a possible reoccurring cause a urine analysis was performed and sent to microbiology testing and further analysis. Bloods were also taken to check for raised neutrophil (white blood cell) count. No previous history of abdominal pain, aggravating factors, patient felt relief when lying down with knees pulled up, presented no urinary symptoms, no alcohol consumption, and patient is not on any medication. On observing Mrs Oni she appeared anxious and was tired due to pain. When the patient was assessed using interview skills and attempting to form a therapeutic relationship with the patient it was revealed that Mrs Oni wanted to maintain a traditional African diet rich in fibre with lots fruit and vegetables, but found it hard to find time to prepare the meals and replaced it with unhealthy snacks while at work and didnt eat at regular meal times. She also revealed that she did not get much exercise and weight gained plummeted after her second child. Oxford dictionary for nurses state that the appendix is the short thin blind ended tube, 7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10 long and is attached to the end of the caecum. The caecum is the first part of the large intestine according to Clancy McVicar (2002) appendicitis occurs when this tube becomes filled with faecal matter and or with other debris. It can also occur if the caecum is obstructed resulting in damage and blockage to the appendix. In both cases inflammation occurs which can cause rupture of the appendix and appendectomy surgery is required to stop other bowel and abdominal inflammatory conditions developing. I have chosen this patient because NHS Choices (2012) states that appendicitis is considered to be a common condition and that around 7% of UK population will develop the condition at some stage in the lives. It also states a lack of fibre in in diet can be a cause for the condition. I have also formed a good therapeutic relation with the patient. USING ROPER LOGAN TIERNEY MODEL Cronin Rawlings-Anderson (2004) cited Walker Avant (1995) who described practice theories as goal oriented actions. Llewellyn Hayes (2008) describes the model as an aid in assisting and measuring the patients ability to achieve independence at each stage of care. All 12 activities include, maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. All activities according to Holland et al (2008) are used as a framework for the assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating process in the provision of care. Maintaining a safe environment is one example of how the activities can relate to patient care. Diamond (2011) uses the care setting as an example how a person human rights can become easily compromised. The Human Rights Act (1998) article 3 states that No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This clearly illustrates that the environment in which a patient is care for should be maintained to ensure patient physical, mental and psychological wellbeing while also reducing the risk of infections. The Roper et al model of care is therefore a useful tool for ensuring that all patient needs are considered. Holland et al, (2008) also includes care for the internal environment that which is on a cellular level. This aspect forms a very important part of the recovery process for the case study patient Mrs Oni. ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING FRAMEWORK OF CARE Chinn Kramer (2008) argues that a nurses action can help to improve patient experience by using their awareness and theoretical knowledge in situations, thus dislodging patient fears about situations that are new to them. The handover received for Mrs Oni described the patient sleep patterns throughout the night, stated the analgesics; paracetamol and tramadol prescribed for pain, discussed patient mobility, discussed patient intervention that was the physiotherapy sessions which were required for chest exercises, wound care discussed where surgical clips removed from the wound sloughing observed and surgical team notified as a result antibiotics now prescribed eight hourly and stated wound dressing needed to be changed and catheter to be removed. Although the assessment of the patient was received from a secondary source in handover the patient care still needs to be assessed in order to establish care priority for the patient. Holland et al, (2008) assessment is therefore the first stage in the process where the nurse uses communication skills to gather to begin planning care for the patient. Breathing On assessing Mrs Oni it was found that she was still feeling tired after getting a full nights rest. While listening to the patient it was observed that her speech was quiet and chest movements were irregular. The pulse oximetry machine was used to further assess the levels of oxygen in the patient. Correctly using the equipment making sure the patient was not wearing nail polish which can alter readings. The diagnosis with the reading confirmed that Mrs Oni was lacking oxygen. The normal range for the baseline measurements are charted out using the Glasgow Coma Scale used by the trust. It indicated that reading above 94% is considered within the normal range, Mrs Oni reading were 93%. It was decided that oxygen therapy was needed. A second intervention after the oxygen therapy was reassessed and had improved the patient breathing was made to prevent secondary infections the physiotherapists work with Mrs Oni, to teach her deep breathing exercises to avoid developing chest infections. The use of communication in assisting Mrs Oni by first providing a vomitus bowl and tissues as needed with the nurse explaining to patient why it was important to expectorate any excess sputum while giving the nurse the opportunity to inspect colour of sputum for signs of infection, according to Basford Slevin (2001) this reduces the chances of developing other complications. Mobility Mobility according to Perry Potter (2004) is affected by events and nursing intervention can improve body function and ability to recovery. NICE clinical guidelines (2010) to encourage hydration and mobility to reduce risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This condition according to Clancy McVicar (2002) is where clotting occurs in the veins and affects patients who have had abdominal surgery and experienced child birth. The surgical team did prescribe some prophylaxis treatment anti-embolism stockings which are referred to as TED stockings. However, the patient refused to wear them and has a right to do so according NHS Choices (2011) under the Mental Health Capacity Act 2005 which advises that a person has the right to voluntarily refuse treatment. On assessing the patient no real barriers to mobility was observed and with improvements on the patient breathing and fatigue levels, knowledge of psychological issues was required to further diagnose the patient. Using communication skills to form a therapeutic relationship as an intervention, Mrs Oni revealed that she was very worried about her children, she became tearful but discussing her children helped to remind her that she need to recover quickly to get back to her family and home. She was able to later agree to wear the anti-embolism stocking and began to attempt to mobilise without assistance. Another nursing intervention used to aid Mrs Oni in mobilising was to administer prescribed analgesics for pain management thus reducing the effects of the surgical wounds present. Personal Cleansing and dressing Mrs Oni had a wound had become infected and needed to take meropenem by intravenous infusion which according to BNF (2012) an penicillin antibiotic prescribed for  intra-abdominal infections, skin and soft-tissue infections. Mrs Oni stated she was not allergic to penicillin upon admission but the side effects from the drug were likely to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and headaches. According to BNF (2012) patients most at risk of developing anaphylactic reactions are asthma, eczema and hay fever sufferers. On inspection of the wound while changing the dressing it appear to be less exudate. On previous dressing change I was reported that there was some sloughing which is according to Perry Potter (2004) pg. 1278 are tissue cells that have died and have been removed from the body. Cleaning of the wound using the aseptic technique and new dressing were applied. Mrs Oni was then assisted with her personal hygiene needs and expressed that she was feeling much better. These actions taken will help to improve body image and reduce risk of prolonging the infection. Pain Although not mentioned in the handover it is still an effect experience after surgery. The tool used to measure pain is done using a numerical rating system with a scale rating pain from 0 to 10. Zero being there is no pain and ten being the highest value Indicating intervention needed. Perry Potter (2004) p.1274 definition of pain, subjective, unpleasant sensation caused by noxious stimulation of sensory nerve endings. This notion that pain is subjective is very true as each individual experiences pain in a different way according to Ewards R. article in Benzon et al (2005) pain can also be measured through observing behaviour. Mrs Oni did report pain and the prescribed analgesics were given as prescribed. Upon evaluation it was verbalised by Mrs Oni that she was in less pain four hours an hour later after administration. CONCLUSION The important aspect of the reflective process is to develop critical thinking skills which according to Jasper (2006) helps to develop the ability give clear rationales when making decisions. Reflecting using Gibbs et al (1988) cited by Bulman Schutz (2008) cycle where a series of reflective questions to be thoughtfully answered in retrospect which begins with the experience, a description of feelings, taking in account the positives and negatives, looking at the situation from different angels, what else I could have added to improve the outcome and finally the actions taken. Using the experience of caring for someone post-operative using the Roper et al, framework of care was a good teaching guide and created self-awareness of the process while helping to give a structured framework to gather knowledge in a way that was useful. I felt more comfortable and confident in discussing issues with my mentor on issues of care. The environment was very challenging but the framework help m e to focus and achieve my objectives. Evaluation of care using Llewellyn Hayes (2008) uses Huycke and Alls (2000) framework that encompasses all involved in the provision and receipt of care. The ward provides a comment card for patients, this way the immediate providers of care the staff receive instant and genuine feedback. This shows the patient experience is valued.

All Kinds Of Love by Carolyn Jaffe and Carol H. Ehrlich Essays -- Hosp

Throughout the course of our lives we will experience the deterioration of a loved one due to illness or aging. This may cause us to make a choice of how and where we choose our loved one to die. Authors, Carolyn Jaffe and Carol H. Ehrlich, in their book All Kinds of Love, illustrate how the relationships between doctors, patients', family, friends, hospice volunteers, and hospice nurses all play an important role during he patients last days as they try to reach a "good death". In the book's foreword, Rabbi Earl A. Grollman comments on Jaffe's history of nursing experience and states "Her stories bring alive the concerns, the surprises, the victories, the disappointments, the mistakes, the uncertainties, the joys, and the pain that are part of one's dying" (1, p. v). The preface focuses on the type of care Hospice provides for the patient and family, while the section entitled "Hospice is..." provides a detailed definition of hospice.Chapter One demonstrates the sensitivity a hospice nurse must use when dealing with new patients and how the nurse must remain unbiased at all times. Chapter Two reviews the family emotional strains and stresses which can be experienced when a loved one is dying within the home and how different people deal with the change. In Chapter Three we can develop a deeper understanding of an individual's strength and acceptance through the story of Karen, a seven year old who is dying from cancer. The different coping mechanisms expressed by Karen's parents are very contrast dramatically as the needs of survivors vary.Chapter Four highlights patients' need for control and decision making over his or her own life. In Chapter Five, Henrietta, the patient had very little control over her treatment and pain because her husband r efused to accept her dying, until Janice (hospice nurse) promised her dignity during death. In Chapter Six, William tries a new method of pain control and his spirits are lifted as he once again has some control in his life as expressed in his statement, "I can't believe the power I have"(1, p.194). Chapter Seven lightly touches upon the death of AIDS patients, and the stigmatism's and rejection they may face, but also exhibits the patients' ability to control their moment of death. The joy which a family can gain when there is an open acceptance of a loved ones death is visible in Chapter Eight as John's f... ...very touching with a lot of strong emotion behind the words "I share with you the agony of your grief... the strength of caring, the warmth of one who seeks to understand the silent storm swept barrenness of so great a loss. This I do in quiet ways that , on your lonely path, you may not walk alone..." (1, p.294).Reading Appendix A, I strongly agreed with Jaffe and Ehrlich's recommendations for more mandatory classes about religion, cultural, and coping with dying patients classes in the medical curriculum, because we cannot truly expect our medical staff to respond appropriately to everyone's needs without offending certain religious and cultural beliefs if we do not help them take a step in the right direction.In summary, my overall opinion of this book All Kinds of Love: Experiencing Hospice, by Carolyn Jaffe and Carol H. Ehrlich was excellent. This book challenged my morals and changed my views about in home care. It's reassuring that this kind of care is available not only for myself, but also for the people I love. Bibliography Ehrlich, Carol H., and Carolyn Jaffe (1997). All Kinds of Love: Experiencing Hospice. Amityville, New York: Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

Lil Red Riding Hoodlum:twisted Fairy Tale Essay examples -- essays res

Little Red Riding Hoodlum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a teenager named little red riding hoodlum. If this girl sounds familiar, you guessed it right. She was formerly known as Little Red Riding Hood, until she turned to the life of crime. Right now she is paying for the trauma the wolf caused her. She is now in Utah State Youth Rehabilitation Center. I’ll tell you the part of the story they left out at the end that made it a fairy tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the woodcutter killed the wolf, the wolf’s brother was furious, so he killed the rest of Li’l Red’s family. Luckily, the woodcutter was near the house where Li’l Red and her family lived in, so he ran over with his shotgun, and, when the wolf was running away, he shot him in the back of the head. The woodcutter took Li’l Red to live with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of years after Li’l Red’s incident, she started to show signs of traumatization. These signs that she showed were of criminal behavior. She turned rebellious and turned into a criminal. She would shoplift, commit grand auto theft, and other illegal activities. She liked to crash the cars that she had stolen. Soon, her friends started doing the same thing. Her friends looked up to her and thought she was cool for doing criminal things and not getting caught. After she turned to the life of crime, she started thinking she was a bad little chola. After a while, she started getting bored with the usual car theft or shoplif...

Death Investigations and the Role of the Forensic Nurse

The International Association of Forensic Nurses website states, â€Å"Every state/ county has different needs and resources, and every state/county may run death investigations with a different approach. What matters is that every effort be made to ensure a thorough, accurate, and timely investigation. A faulty cause of death determination can significantly impact surviving family members, agencies responsible for planning public health policy, civil or criminal action, and even public safety. (Schindell, 2006) The possibility of forensic investigations may begin in first aid situations, or in the emergency department. The nurse's first duty is to provide immediate care to the patient, but the nurse must also be prepared to preserve evidence for possible criminal investigations. (Dean ; Mulligan, 2009) This becomes andatory in the situation where the patient dies. It is very important that evidence and intormation surrounding the death is preserved The body should not be cleaned pr ior to transport to the morgue, and any tubes, IVs or other medical equipment should be left in place.The nurse on duty can be instrumental in making sure that everything remains as it was in order to make it easier for the medical examiner. The nurse must also be sure to document all procedures performed, including attempts to establish an ‘V, as well as noting all injury sites. (Erricksen, 2008, p. 40) Other investigations begin when a suspicious death is reported to the ppropriate agency. The death investigator will go to the scene in order to collect evidence, photograph the area, and gather information regarding the environment and positioning of the body.The investigator will also question witnesses, family members, and law enforcement officials to gather more information regarding the victim, including past medical history, condition prior to death, circumstances leading up to the death, if known, and if the body has been moved. This would be followed by detailed invest igation of the body, any clothing, and clues to medical conditions such s medic alert bracelets or presence of insulin pumps, etc. (McDonough, 2013) The forensic nurse can perform or assist with all of these duties, and must be careful and meticulous in writing reports of their findings. The completion of good contemporaneous records may be vital to any statements of evidence that a nurse may be required to produce at a later date, to either the police or coroner. † (Dean & Mulligan, 2009, p. 39) In many cases, if the primary investigator does not have medical training, the forensic nurse's experience and knowledge can be invaluable. Schindell, 2006) Forensic nurses can also apply information and practices from other areas to death investigations.Researchers in Alaska have determined that sex- related homicides can be difficult to properly identify, and may be under-reported for that reason. Calling upon the expertise of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE), the researchers were able to apply standard techniques from sexual assault cases with living victims to investigations of homicides. These techniques, especially examination with a colposcope to identify anogenital injuries, were able to identify exual assault related injuries, and to properly classify some homicides as being sex- related (Henry, 2009).Inclusion of forensic nurses in further sex-related homicides would be beneficial to law enforcement officials. â€Å"Forensic nurses have taken a leadership role in improving healthcare's response to living victims of sexual assault and forensic pathologists and law enforcement would benefit from including a forensic nurse, specialized in sexual assault examinations, in the multidisciplinary response to deceased victims. † (Henry, 2009, p. 64) A qualified and trained forensic urse can even act as the coroner if there is no medical examiner available. In counties where non-medical Deputy Medical Examiners are being asked to conduct the majorit y of a death investigation, medical expertise should be readily accessible to them. A forensically trained nurse can be an ideal medical representative in these situations. † (Schindell, 2006) The primary goal of a death investigation is to determine the cause and manner of death. This can sometimes require detailed and painstaking investigation, not only of the immediate cause of death, but of possible comorbidities that may have contributed to the death.

Indian Overview Fashion Dress

Harpoon statues, which have been dated to approximately 3000 b. C. E. , depict the garments worn by the most ancient Indians. A Priestley bearded man is shown wearing a toggling robe that leaves the right shoulder and arm bare; on his forearm is an armlet, and on his head is a coronet with a central circular decoration. The robe appears to be printed or, more likely, embroidered or applique ©d in a trefoil pattern. The trefoil motifs have holes at the centers of the three circles, suggesting that stone or colored faience may have been embedded there. Harpoon female figures are scantily clad.A naked female with heavy bangles on one arm, thought to represent a dancer, could have been a votive figure that would have been dressed (also in a toggling garment, leaving the decorated arm uncovered) for ritual use, a custom observed throughout India in the early twenty-first century. Other excavated female figurines wear miniskirts, necklaces, and elaborate headdresses. The skirts are faste ned either by sashes or beaded girdles, which continued to be used in later times. One figure wears a short cloak leaving the breasts bare. A fan-shaped headdress is seen on statues of both sexes.Male figures appear to wear a neck scarf hat may be an early angstrom, a traditional scarf still used in the early twenty- first century. However, the Harpoon scarves are shown held by a brooch and could be signs of office. The Vivid period has traditionally been associated with the Aryans and their entry into India around 2000 b. C. E. , though this date has been disputed, as it has been learned that Central Asian tribes had been moving into northern India and beyond from very early times. The Vivid hymns refer to the Indus Valleys famous cotton and Gander's wool and dyed fabrics.The Kampala, or blanket, appears to have been used by both men and women as a wrapper. The earliest Vivid hymn, the Rig Veda (ca. 2000 b. C. E. ), refers to garments as visas. A number of words are used for cloth, thus indicating a consciousness of clothing styles. Cassavas meant â€Å"well- dressed,† and savanna described a person arrayed in splendid garments. The word shrubs meant â€Å"well-fitting,† which denotes stitched garments. The god Pupas is called a â€Å"weaver of garments,† Vass viva, for it was he who fashioned different forms. A mystical quality is associated with apparel.An undressed man could not offer sacrifices to the gods?an essential aspect of Vivid life?for he would be complete only when properly dressed. The common mode of dress during the Vivid period was draping. The most important item was the nevi, which was wrapped around the waist according to the wearer's status and tradition. Worn over this was the visas, which could be a drape, a wrap, or a Jacket (known as drape or attack). The tributary was a draped upper garment. The apartheid, or breast cover, was either wrapped around the breasts, as is still done in Tripper, or tied at the back.The attack, worn by men, was a long, close-fitting coat often India extends from the high Himalayas in the northeast to the Karakas and Hindu Cush ranges in the northwest. The major rivers?the Indus, Ganges, and Yamaha? spring from the high, snowy mountains, which were, for the area's ancient inhabitants, the home of the gods and of purity, and where the great sages meditated. Below the Karakas range lies the beautiful valley of Kashmir; to the north of Kashmir is Lady. Although the mountains have always formed forbidding barriers, passes through them permitted the migration of a range of ethnic groups from Central Asia and beyond.These nomads?the Scythian, the Hunt, and many others?settled in North India and then penetrated further, bringing varied lifestyles, levels, ideas, and skills, as well as ways to express themselves through dress, ornaments, rituals, rites of passage, myths, deities, and spirits. The valley of the verdant Punjab, Harlan?Indian's granary? attracted large-scale m igrations from ancient times. Restaurants and parts of Ketch are in the Tar Desert, while the oldest mountain range, the Arrivals, runs from Gujarat and Restaurants to the open spaces of the Delhi ridge, which conservationists are desperately trying to save.The desert was inhabited by nomads from Central Asia who created fiefdoms in Gujarat and Restaurants in the seventh century c. . These princes had their own chivalrous traditions and legends, which bards have kept alive in their ballads into the early twenty-first century. Dress and Jewelry were elaborate, and festive celebrations occurred among both the rich and the poor. Sarasota, in Gujarat, had nearly two hundred principalities, and Gujarat, Restaurants, and Madhya Pradesh together had innumerable small and large estates, all of which were laws unto themselves.Each state would try to outdo the others in the opulence of their dress, courtly life, and celebrations. The Vanity Range divides northern from southern India. The cent ral section consists of the Decca Plateau and its two rivers, the Goodyear and the Krishna, while the Eastern and Western Ghats are the small hills that edge the coastal areas. The Decca Plateau, which rolls down to the sea, is the land of the Dravidian people. The original inhabitants of this area were Stone Age cave dwellers whose traces have been found by archaeologists. Some descendants of these ancient people still cling to their age-old matrilineal social structure.The country varying climatic conditions have resulted in a range of textiles and manners of dress. Cultural milieu, 2 COUNTRIES OF SOUTH ASIA described as being embroidered with gold thread. Peas was a gold-embroidered or woven cloth used for making pleated skirts. It is interesting that many of these words continue to be used in slightly different forms. Attack may be cancan, a long, close- fitting coat worn by men, while pesewa may be the root of pesewa, the term for a long, flowing dress Joining skirt and upper g arment and worn by women at the Ragout courts; it was also adopted by dancers.Different turban styles are mentioned and appear also to have been worn by women to denote status. There are references in he Veda to mantles embroidered with gold thread, and proof (in a description of borders running the length of a cloth and of two borders across its width) that the dhoti, the lower wrapped garment, had already emerged during this period. The all- around border indicates that such cloth was used as a veil, a shawl, or an Odin for the upper part of the body. T Buddhist and Gain literature, especially the Steak tales, provides details about life between 642 and 320 b. . E. Descriptions of garments and fabrics forbidden to monks and mendicants are indicators of what was worn by laypersons. Cloth of bark, Balkan; fabric made from human hair, keas-Kimball; and owl feathers and deerskin were forbidden to monks, as were patterned and dyed garments. What is interesting is that the cinchona, the stitched Jacket, was also prohibited for monks and mendicants, which suggests that they could not wear stitched cloths; this is still the case among some sects in the early twenty-first century. Nuns, however, were allowed the use of bodices.The apparel worn by laypersons consisted of the antimacassar, or loincloth; the attractants, a mantle for covering the upper body; and he Sunnis, or turban. Tunics or Jackets were worn by both men and women. All items appear to have been mostly instituted, but the style of draping varied according to status, region, and taste. The dhoti could be pleated to fall in front like an elephant's trunk or like a fan to form a sort of fish tail, as is still done by some dancers in South India. The sash known as sandbank was also intricately knotted and draped.Shoes and sandals with linings and of varying shapes, materials, and colors are also mentioned, as are padded shoes with pointed ends like scorpion stings, still made in Punjab. A study of sculptur es from the Marry and Sung periods (321-72 b. C. E. ) provides a greater wealth of detail. Alongside a graphic description by the Greek ambassador to the Marry court of flowing garments worn by both men and women, and printed and woven with gold, dyed in multiple colors, and draped in a number of ways, the elaborate stone carvings at Barbet, Ashcan, and Patriarchal in the Decca give a good idea of dress forms.The Unitarian (lower-body wrap) was tied either in the middle at the waist or below the navel, and was tucked between the legs and taken to the back. Members of the upper class wore it ankle length, while the working class and peasantry wore it knee length. The Unitarian was fastened by a sash, varying from a short one tied at the waist to an elaborate one draped in many different ways. The tributary, or upper garment, was worn in a range of styles, from an elegant drape to a casual wrap. At Barbet, a representation of one of the earliest stitched garments can be seen; it has a round neck tied with tassels and also ties at the waist.Women wore the Unitarian either tucked in back or as a pleated, instituted skirt, and they also used a sash. The tutorials An embroidered backless blouse from the nomadic people of Ran of Ketch, Gujarat, India, 1994. Photograph by Asleep Domain. Of aristocratic women appear to have been very fine, with embroidered patterns and borders, and seem to have been used to cover the head. Sculpted figures wear elaborate earrings, as well as necklaces, armlets, bracelets, and belts. The Kanata was worn close to the neck, while the larger lambent carried chains, beads, and amulets. Men wore long necklaces adorned with animal heads.Girdles, armlets, and bangles were sported by women, along with rings and anklets in different forms. Some fine Marry Jewelry made with the granulation technique was discovered in Ataxia. Dating from the time of the powerful Stagehand Empire (200 b. C. E. -250 c. E. ) in southern India, the Martial caves, some of the caves at Junta, and remains at Nonjudgmental contribute to an understanding of the dress and ornamentation of this period. The Astrakhan's came to power as the Marry Empire was on the wane; the Margins had spread from the north to the Decca, as well as to the east, influencing culture and traditions as they went.In addition, a mix of ethnic groups including Parthian, Scythian, and Greeks intermingled with the local Dravidian. Trade with Rome brought new ideas and materials and increased the level of prosperity. Stitched garments were worn by men in the form of tunics, while lower garments consisted of a range of dhotis worn in INDIA numerous ways, tucked between the legs, knee length, and tied with decorative sashes, or in a more elaborate ankle-length fashion. Stitched tunics with round or V-necks were unembellished except for a folded sash, which appears to have been worn in a range of ways and added a sense of style to these ensembles.Women do not appear to have worn stit ched clothes. Their Unitarians were knotted either in the center or at the side and tightly wrapped; they appear to have been practically transparent, clearly outlining the limbs. Women did not wear turbans but dressed their hair in several styles: braided, in a chignon above the forehead (as in Kraal in the early twenty-first century), or in a bun at the nape of the neck. Jewelry, in the form of numerous bangles, long necklaces, Jeweled belts, and anklets, was elaborate.Women wore a range of Jewels on their heads such as the chiding, a tots form still worn in southern India by brides and traditional dancers. Elaborate earrings were also common. Royalty had emblems to distinguish them from commoners, including umbrellas, which were large; richly decorated with silk, gold embroidery, and applique ©; and open rather than folding as in Europe. The cheerio, or flashily, was used only for royalty or the gods. Royal standards and swords were also symbols of power, and thinned sandals ap pear to have been the kings prerogative.According to tradition, in the absence of the king, his sword and sandals represented him. The Khans (50-185 c. E. Ruled from the Genetic Plain to Bacteria in Central Asia. Part of the Wheezy tribe that originally had come from China, they united five tribes under their chief Kulak Shadiness. The most powerful Khans ruler was Kinshasa (78-144 c. E. ), a stone figure of whom, wearing elaborate stitched garments, can be seen at Mature. His tunic extends below his knees with a girdle at the waist. Beneath the tunic he wears a pair of pants; over it is a heavy coat with out- turned lapels.His pants are tucked into heavy boots, and he appears to be wearing spurs. Dress of this period exhibits certain stylistic transformations. The indigenous working people wore a simple, short longboat, a knee-length wrapper tucked between the legs, with a short shoulder cloth, similar to the Gambia, which had multiple functions: as a turban to protect from the sun , as a towel, and as a sack for carrying goods. Foreign attendants at court, entertainers, and soldiers wore stitched clothes, as did traders.Nomadic influence can be seen in the adoption of the long-sleeved, knee-length tunic and of a knee-length coat, chough, worn over the tunic and tied with a girdle or a buckled belt. Pants were tucked into boots, and a pointed cap was worn, apparently made of felt and of a type still used by the Shirking people of Central Asia. Women are shown in sculptures from Kandahar wearing a serialize garment that appears to have derived from the Greece-Roman tradition of drapery. Worn tucked at the back and draped over the left shoulder, this style is seen in the sculptures at Mature and resembles sari draping in the early twenty-first century.Some Ghanaian figures also have an tributary, draped over their shoulder like the shall, worn in the early twenty-first century over the sari outside the home or for some ceremonies. In some cases the sculptured fi gures wear blouses underneath their draped Unitarian. THE GUPPY PERIOD The Guppy Empire was a golden period of creative expression. This empire stretched across most of the north, extending to Balk in the northeast, from 400 to the mid-eighth century c. E. Stitched garments were common, and regional differences began to emerge.The fact that the Khans leaders, as well as the Asks and the Scythian, who ruled in Gujarat in western India for two hundred years, sometimes wore stitched garments indicates that such clothing was associated with royalty and high officials. Thus, it became highly prestigious. The late murals from the Junta caves provide details of colors, patterns, and drapery. Rulers depicted in court scenes appear to be wearing transparent, floating wraps and scarves, fine Jewelry, and elaborate crowns and headdresses. Stitched garments are also seen.Gold coins, some of the most exquisite artifacts from this period, show men in full Khans royal dress: coat, pants, and boots . Women in the Guppy period wore the Unitarian in many different ways. The cache style of tucking it between the legs was not very common, and a different style of wrapped Lott, very short to ankle length, was worn. The wrap gave way to a stitched skirt with an izard, or tape, tied at the waist or below it with a sash. In some cases this skirt was worn like a sarong from armpit to midnight. Ruling-class women wore longer skirts or ankle-length Unitarians, while the working class wore shorter ones.Perhaps due to Gain and Buddhist influences (nuns had been instructed to cover their breasts and wear loose garments to hide the curves of their bodies), different blouse shapes began to appear. A number of breast covers are mentioned in the literature, from ands, which raised the breasts, to schools worn with the opening at the back and an apron to cover the stomach, or blouses tied in the front, which are still worn in the early twenty's century. Jewelry appears to have been finely worked in gold. Earrings were sandals, hoops worn together with smaller pearl earrings at the top of the ear.The karakul, or lotus flower, was another type, while the canals-sandals, tremulous earrings, swayed and twinkled with every movement. Women appear to have worn a quantity of pearls, including mutilate, a type of pearl necklace, or another magnificent necklace known as visitant, which combined pearls, rubies, emeralds, diamonds, and sapphires. The knish's, coin necklace, was also popular and is still worn in the early twenty-first century. Armlets were used by men and women alike, sometimes in the form of a snake. Jeweled girdles suspended over the hips were provocatively draped and hung below the navel.Flowers, possibly fragrant, were used to decorate the hair and as garlands. In the Decca, the Vassals ruled in the fifth century b. C. E. , to be succeeded by the powerful Chalky kings at Bedlam in Andorra. Further south were the Plasmas of Champions and the Pandas of Madeira. The u pper caste had absorbed Guppy influence, but in the interior people continued to follow traditional lifestyles. Royal men wore stitched tunics; sculptures from this time attest to the use of sleeved blouses among women. However, traditional draped and wrapped clothing for both men and women continued to be the norm.Turbans were worn by men, especially royalty, but never by women, nor are there depictions of women covering their heads. Even in the early twenty-first century, head covering by women in South India is associated with widowhood. According to Motif Chancre, the lexical of the seventh century c. E. Provide a range of information about dress of this period. In fact, the very existence of such sources is a sign that the terminology COUNTRIES OF SOUTH ASIA and Turks, as well as from the Arabs, led to the introduction of Islam. Along with these groups came Suffix mystics with their emphasis on egalitarianism.Because they reached out to the people, their influence spread widely . The urban centers of the Islamic world were closely interlinked, and the tradition of having ateliers attached to Islamic courts from Spain to Syria was intended in India, resulting in a major change in lifestyles and fashion. With the founding of the Mammal dynasty by Quit-du-din Bake at Delhi in 1206, the Sultanate period began. In the early fourteenth century, Muhammad bin Thought established the dare al-tiara, court ateliers as described by the famous traveler Bin Batista.The historian Bin Fade Allah al-‘Mari (1301-1348) mentions that a tiara factory employed four thousand silk weavers and four thousand brocade weavers, whose production was made into robes of honor, kilts, and robes, saw, for the sultan, his family, and his favorite courtiers. Emir Kruse Delilah, the great savant and poet, wrote that the clothing worn by kings and noblemen followed contemporary Persian fashion. AAA-‘Mari further observed that linen garments imported from Alexandria and â€Å"the l and of Russians† were very fine and that only persons permitted by the ruler to do so could wear them.He also mentioned garments made in the style of Baghdad and described gold-embroidered robes. Sleeves were embroidered with tiara. Thus there appears to have been a fair amount of mobility of fashion at this time. A great deal of money seems to have been spent on special clothing. Frizz Shah Thought is supposed to have worn an extremely valuable Gullah cap over which a turban of fine material was tied. Four-cornered caps decorated with Jewels were also worn. Men arranged their hair into locks or ringlets and added tassels. Learned men and Judges wore long, striped gowns from Yemen.Indian Muslim society was divided into four main groups: the secular and religious nobility, the traders, the artisans, and those who worked the land. The secular nobility was divided into all-I USAF, men of the sword, or warriors, and all-I slam, men of the pen; these groups were comprised of Turks, Afghans, Arabs, and Persians who tried to remain separate from the local population, whether Hindus or earlier Muslim converts. Turks and Afghans chose their wives from households that could trace their lineages back to their ancient tribes, thus maintaining their distinctive mode of dress and lifestyle.Dress divided the people. Muslims wore tailored clothes, while Hindus wore mostly instituted garments, though Hindu men did wear Jackets, which were tied at the side opposite of that worn by Muslim men. Hindu women wore a voluminous skirt or a sari, while Muslim women wore the churchyard pajama, a tunic, and a pesewa with a veil. A man wearing the traditional dress of the nomadic people of Ketch, featuring the type of printed cloth that was exported from the area from early times. Gujarat, India, 1982. Photograph by Asleep Domain. Had become highly evolved.Variable, ornate, and Unitarian were all terms used to describe the tributary. The head cover, Dunham in Sanskrit, continued to be used in a modified form, called Odin or Danna, as did the gharry, which in the early twenty-first century is called gharry or chagrin. The Jacket, tunic, or blouse was called could, chinchilla, surpasses, Angola, and cinchona, words that are still used in efferent parts of North India. Gain sources are full of information on Indian garments used by both the clergy and the laity. The Ached Sutras, which describe rules of conduct, are rich in material.Mention is made of Jackets and quilted or draped tunics, as well as floor-length robes such as principal. The shoemaker, Pawtucket or Carmella, is mentioned as making a range of shoes. There are rules as to how often clothes are to be changed. The washing of garments is meticulously described, including hand-washing, dual; calendaring, grants (that is, stretching cloth); starching, marts; and pleating and perfuming. There are also terms for sewing implements: needle, such or sevens; and scissors, Ukrainian, karri, and kali.THE MCHUGH EMPIRE The next great change in lifestyle, thought, and administration came with the Mussels. Sahara-du-din Muhammad Baber had made five forays into India, but it was not until 1526 that he was able to defeat Sultan Abraham and reach Delhi and Agar. In the four years that followed, he laid the foundation for an empire that lasted until the coming of the colonial powers from Europe. Baber, a poet, aesthete, and adventurous warrior, never really took to India; his first act was to establish a garden, since he engaged for his homeland, the lush green valley of Ferryman.It was his grandson, Kafka the Great, who tried to understand the rich culture THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM It was only with the incursions of Muhammad of Ghana in 997 c. E. That Indian's isolation ended. New influences from the Afghans INDIA of the country over which he ruled and who realized the need to assimilate Hindu and Muslim culture. The Burnham, Burr's autobiography, gives a graphic description of the emperor's daily ac tivities, also describing festivals and celebrations. It mentions the bestowing of robes of honor, but these are sable robes tit buttons, more suitable for the cold of Central Asia.It also mentions the presentation to Burr's son Human of a char, possibly an elaborate Central Asian collar influenced by those worn by the Chinese. There is a further reference to the expensive hat worn by Human, known as culpa; he was also given a costly plume, which he probably wore on a cap or turban. Baber describes a toothaches, a tent or storeroom where textiles and royal clothes were kept, including while on military campaigns, thus emphasizing the importance of dress even in camp. Gunner was the dismissive term applied to clothing worn by non-Muslims.Saba's chronicler Babul Faze recorded many of the changes introduced by the emperor in the area of court dress, including his interest in local traditions and his attempt to upgrade local skills by importing master craftsmen from many countries. Thes e individuals were offered special grants of land, pensions, and so forth, and given Saba's personal encouragement. He also introduced fine cotton and printed clothing as being suitable to the climate. The cheddar Jam with pointed ends is typical of the age of Kafka and is seen being worn by men in miniature paintings of the time.Women ear veils, not caps, and appear to have used fine-quality cotton and worn multiple layers of fine cloth. Kafka also renamed garments using the Hindi language. Jam (coat) became Saratoga, â€Å"covering the entire body'; izard (pants) became yard-piranha, â€Å"the 65 companion of the coat†; amanita Jacket) became tanned; fat (belt) became patgat; burqa (veil) became chitchat guppy; kulak (cap) became sis sob's; mum-ABA (hair ribbon) became Hessian; pat (sash) became Katz; shall (shawl) became paranormal; and bazaar (shoes) became charlatan.Kafka realized that in order to intermingle the wow cultures, strong racial associations with different l ifestyles had to be overcome, and the combining of Hindu and Muslim dress was one important way to do this. Babul Faze describes how the emperor took the audacity, an unlined Indian coat with a slit skirt and tied at the left, and had it made with a round skirt and tied at the right. It was typical of Kafka to alter the form of a garment that was identified with or acceptable to the Hindu community.He probably planned to make the Jam acceptable to both Hindus and Muslims, though he was also conscious of the need to prevent misunderstandings. People could be recognized at a glance by the manner in which it was tied (to the left for Hindus and to the right for Muslims). It had been compulsory during the Sultanate period, and continued to be so under the early Mussels, for local rajas, maharajah, and cards to present themselves in the dress of the ruling court. This must have caused resentment. Saba's aggressive attempts to assimilate Hindu dress into the courtly code led to a greater sense of acceptance.A study of miniatures from his time gives some indication of the changing styles. Special items were created by the emperors themselves. Just as Kafka designed the Daschle, a pair of shawls stitched together so that there was no wrong side, Changer (reigned 1605-1627) designed a special coat known as nadir', which he mentions in his memoirs. Persian and Central Asian influences became far less important during this period. Garcia Sat women in their traditional dress and Jewelry. Ketch, Gujarat, India, 1982. Photograph by Asleep Domain. COUNTRIES OF SOUTH ASIA affluent but effete style was that of Outdo at Locknut.Though the dress formula remained the same?lama, angora, fairish pajama?its style became a trifle exaggerated. Angoras became much wider and trailed on the ground. Women's churchyard pajamas gave way to the fairish pajama, which was so voluminous that young pages were required to gather and carry them. The Kurt, a loose tunic made of fine cotton with ric h china, white-on-white embroidery, was introduced, as was the embroidered topic, or cap, often worn at a rakish angle. The story associated with the invention of the topic is that the innumerable women in the nab's harem could attract his attention only by creating an unusual cap.The Sherwin, a tight, calf-length coat, and cancan, a long, fitted coat for formal wear, came part of the dress of the Muslim elite. It continues to be worn in the early twenty-first century as formal wear by Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims. Kafka having married a Hindu princess, many Hindu traditions were introduced at court. Nor Johan was known as a great designer in her own right and was responsible for a range of innovations. Toward the end of sixteenth century, the Jam was being made of cloth so diaphanous as to allow the pants worn underneath it to be seen. This was a garment for summer wear.Most Restaurants' men, both upper- and middle-class, wore the court styles, including a variety of Jams; the most m oon of these reached below the knee. Another type was almost long enough to cover the pants underneath it entirely. Sometimes the Jam had full sleeves. Most women in northern India, however, were hesitant to copy exotic dress and continued to prefer the half-sleeved bodice (chili), the ankle-length skirt (gharry), and the head scarf (Odin/Danni). The upper garment was fully embroidered at the neck and on the sleeves and the tasseled ends of the transparent Odin were decorated with pomp-pomp of wool or silk.Pomp-pomp were also found on the strings tying armlets ND bracelets and on shoes, at the ends of tassels, and they were also worn in the hair. Wives of noblemen and officials and high-ranking ladies, bewitched by the beauty of the McHugh style, adopted the Jam with flowing skirt, tight pants, and Odin. The emperor Changer, himself a painter, possessed a fine aesthetic sense. From the range of garments seen in miniatures from his reign, it is obvious that he was a fastidious dresse r. He wore a colored turban with gold fringe at the top or a screech, a Jeweled, feathered turban.A pearl string encircled these turbans. His coats were invariably of brocaded silk. The paths were woven with butts, a floral pattern. The diaphanous Jam went out of fashion around 1610, thought to be unfit for public wear and used only by entertainers. During this time beards also went out of fashion; Changer followed the example of his father and ordered his courtiers to shave. Nor Johan, meanwhile, created her own dresses. The English diplomat Sir Thomas Roe was overwhelmed by the brilliance of the diamonds and pearls she wore. Dress under Shah Johan (reigned 1628-1658) became even more elegant and luxurious.The emperor's turban had, besides the Changer' string of pearls, a Jeweled aigrette and a further border of Jewels hanging from the sides. The turban itself was constructed from gold cloth. Shah Khan's one surviving coat boasted extraordinary embroidery. His sash, sandbank or pat , and slippers were also lavishly decorated. Rearrange (reigned 1658-1707) was a pious Muslim as well as an active, aggressive ruler. The overly luxurious life at court had fostered a certain laxity in government, which he tried to control, curbing opulence and reining in festive celebrations.Some historians have accused him of banning music and painting and prohibiting the wearing of silk at court. He could not have done so as he himself dressed magnificently. His turban was Jeweled, his Jam was elaborately patterned, and he wore pearl bracelets, armlets, precious necklaces, Jeweled pendants, several rings, and a beautiful Jade-handled dagger, which hung from a pendant clustered with pearls. During his reign, the skirt of the Jam was widened and lengthened, and turbans became voluminous. Rearrange revived the beard but limited its size by ordering that no Muslim should wear one longer than the width of four fingers.The eighteenth century saw the disintegration of the McHugh Empire under weak rulers ho were unable to control court intrigues and unrest. Regional courts became more powerful and attracted artists, craftsmen, and traders. One court known for an COLONIAL PERIOD The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English arrived in India to ask for trading concessions from the McHugh rulers and were overwhelmed by their grandeur and wealth. According to Sir Thomas Roe, the English presented a sorry sight with their dull clothing, lack of entourage, and meager gifts, which they were afraid to present. Even the minor Indian princes were better e